Canada

Nature of Source

Records generated from those leaving the UK for the former dominion of Canada. The majority of people who migrated did so either voluntarily or were forced against their will because of religious persecution or for economic reasons. Others were encouraged/assisted to move from their country of origin.

Canada had been colonised by Britain and France from the 16th century, however Britain gained dominance over the territory following the Seven year’s War in 1763. In 1840 the various colonies were united as the United Province of Canada and in 1867 Canada formerly became a self-governing dominion in the British Commonwealth. Canada currently comprises of ten provinces and three territories. The central repository of records is the Library and Archives of Canada (LAC) which incorporates the Canadian Genealogical Centre. Records such as census returns, military records and immigration papers are held centrally at LAC. In addition record offices can be found in the provinces which hold vital records and wills, church records and land records.

Civil registration was arranged by the individual Provinces and Territories and date from the 17th to the 20th centuries. Consequently no national index exists with each province holding their own registers. A listing of Provincial and Territorial Archives and Libraries can be found here. Church records often remain in the custody of the local clergy and some church registers such as in Quebec were used as the basis for civil registration. Some registers have been deposited with LAC and provincial archives and some entries can be found in the International Genealogical Index (now incorporated into the FamilySearch Historical Record Collections). Censuses took place every 10 years starting from 1851 plus two extra censuses in 1906 and 1911 covering territories that became provinces. The 1916 census is the latest that is publicly available. Some earlier censuses exists but only list heads of household. A major benefit of using the 1911 census is that the returns note from where a person emigrated if appropriate.

Immigration records are a major source for Canada research. Official passenger lists date from 1865 but are only indexed by name from 1925 with the exception of the Quebec City Passenger Lists Index 1865-1900. Therefore is important to know the approximate date and ideally the name of the ship concerned. Passenger lists are kept at LAC until 1935. Archival records of arrivals after this date are kept at Citizenship and Immigration Canada.

Remember that before 1947, British people emigrating to Canada were not classified as immigrants as all Canadians were British subjects. Only after 1947 were naturalization documents required for settlement. Those from Ireland between 1922 and 1947 were required to apply for naturalization. Many from the UK emigrated to Canada in the years just before WWI and just after. Some arrived in the US initially before travelling onto Canada.

Registers of civil birth, marriage and death are held by each province and only cover the period after the province joined the post-colonial Confederation. Some provinces have assembled registers from the colonial era. Some privacy restrictions apply to public access to the civic registers, so check each province’s rules. Most church registers remain in the custody of the local church.

Land grants record the transfer of land from the government authorities to an individual usually after that person immigrated to Canada. These petitions mainly relate to Eastern Canada and all of Canada during colonial times. In western Canada people applied for homesteads. The records are held at LAC and provincial archives.

See also
Emigration Records (Including Scotland)
Emigration Records (Ireland)
Passenger Lists

Where Found

Library and Archives Canada (Library and Archives Canada is a federal institution responsible for acquiring, preserving and providing access to Canada’s documentary heritage. It combines the holdings of both the former National Library of Canada and the National Archives of Canada. Their main family history resources include census returns, births, marriages, deaths, naturalization records, immigration papers, military records, land records/petitions)

The National Archives (Holdings include the records of the Board of Trade, Colonial Office, Home Office and Treasury and include passenger lists, 1890-1960, medical journals from emigrant ships, letters from intending emigrants and registers of troops shipped to all parts of the world, census records for New South Wales and Tasmania)

Canadian Genealogy Centre (Census indexes, land records/petitions, atlases, reference books and finding aids)

Provincial and Territorial Archives (These archives holdings include: Civil Registration, Birth, Death, and Marriage Records; Criminal Records; Land Records; Wills; Church Records)

Toronto Public Library (The Toronto Public Library has some of the largest local history and genealogy collections in Canada. The largest collections are at Toronto Reference Library with smaller collections at other locations. The Digital Archive contains over 170,000 online digitised historical photos, maps, books and other historical materials, such as city directories. Use the librarian created Research Guides to get started or to discover new resources)

Society of Genealogists (1881 national census indexes, 1871 Ontario census, MIs, directories and other sources)

Merseyside Maritime Museum (Maritime Archives and Library: Liverpool was one of the main gateways for emigration from the UK to Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, USA and Canada during the 19th and 20th centuries. The library hold a number of sources for emigrant research including passenger tickets, correspondence and other ephemera, ship registers, diaries and letters and sailing information. A series of detailed information sheets dealing with emigration are available at the web site)
Church archives

Period Covered

1600 – Onwards

Genealogical Value

• Names, addresses, occupations, dates of birth death and marriage.

Further References

• Bennett, Carol. The Lanark Society Settlers: Global Heritage Press, 2012
• Brown, Kevin. Passage to the World: The Emigrant Experience 1807-1940: Seaforth Publishing, 2013
• Foy, Karen. Ancestors On The Move: A History of Overseas Travel: The History Press, 2014
• Foy, Karen. Family History For Beginners: The History Press, 2011
• Harper, Marjory & Constantine, Stephen. Migration and Empire: Oxford University Press, 2010
• Irvine, Sherry and Obee, Dave. Finding Your Canadian Ancestors: Ancestry, 2007
• Kershaw, Roger. Migration Records: A Guide for Family Historians: The National Archives, 2009
• Kershaw, Roger & Pearsall, Mark. Family History on the Move: Where Your Ancestors Went and Why: The National Archives, 2006
• MacKay, Donald. Flight from Famine: Coming of the Irish to Canada: Dundurn Press, 2009
• Punch, Terrence. Erin’s Sons: Irish Arrivals in Atlantic Canada 1761-1863: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2009
• Thurston, Anne. Records of the Colonial Office, Dominions Office, Commonwealth Relations Office, and Commonwealth Office: HMSO, 1995

Websites

www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/genealogy/Pages/introduction.aspx (Library and Archives Canada: Genealogy and Family History. Resources include Guides and research topics and links to organisations, libraries and societies involved with genealogy)
https://familyhistorydaily.com/free-genealogy-resources/10-free-canadian-genealogy-websites (Family History Daily: 10 Free Canadian Genealogy Websites. All the websites listed below are free and they cover a wide variety of genealogical subjects in Canada)
https://library-archives.canada.ca/eng/collection/search-collections/pages/search-the-collection.aspx (Library and Archives Canada. Search The Collections. Search Aurora, Library and Archives Canada’s catalogue of its published holdings, including books, newspapers, magazines, maps, music and works in accessible formats. Search Voilà, the national union catalogue for the holdings of hundreds of participating Canadian institutions. Search Collection Search for the collections available to the public at LAC)
www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/census/Pages/Finding-Aid-300-Appendix.aspx (Library and Archives Canada: Finding Aid 300: Other census and related documents, 1640 to 1945. Comprehensive guide to early census and related records found at Library and Archives Canada)
www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Canada_Genealogy (FamilySearch Research Wiki: Canada Genealogy)
https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Canada_Online_Genealogy_Records (FamilySearch Research Wiki: Canada Online Genealogy Records. This Online Collection has links to online databases and indexes that may include birth records, marriage records, death records, biographies, cemeteries, censuses, histories, immigration records, land records, maps, military records, native races, newspapers, obituaries, or probate records)
www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/index.html (Archives of Manitoba: Hudson’s Bay Company Archives: The Archives has housed the Hudson’s Bay Company Archives since 1994 and includes the entire historical records of the trading company)
www.childmigrantstrust.com (Child Migrants Trust: The trust offers counselling and support  for those affected by child migration as well as information, advice and family research to former child migrants and their families)
www.britishhomechildren.com (Home Children Canada. The organisation is dedicated to preserving and promoting the history and stories of over 100,000 British Home Children. The organisation hosts a collection of resources covering every aspect of researching the Home Children sent from the United Kingdom to Canada from the late 1860s up to 1948. See below for details of the British Home Children Registry)
www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/listGuides.aspx (Liverpool Maritime Archives and Library Guide: Emigration to USA and Canada)
https://archivescanada.accesstomemory.ca (ARCHIVESCANADA.ca. The site offers a gateway to archival resources found in over 800 repositories across Canada. Find digital images, visit virtual exhibits, browse information about archives in every province and territory and discover the archives with the information you need)
www.migration.amdigital.co.uk (Migration to New Worlds. The site explores the movement of peoples from Great Britain, Ireland, mainland Europe and Asia to the New World and Australasia. The site uses unique primary source material from 26 archives, libraries and museums)
www.pier21.ca (Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21)
https://royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/bc-archives/tools/guides-indexes-and-inventories (BC Archives. The BC Archives is the archives of the Government of British Columbia: Research Guides including a guide to Family History Research Resources at The BC Archives)
www.archivescanada.ca (Canadian Council of Archives: Directory of Archives. This is a database of Canadian repositories including archives, libraries and museums)
www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/your-family-tree-series (Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Information Leaflet: Emigration Records. The information leaflet gives an overview of emigration records covering emigration to U.S.A., Canada, Australia and New Zealand)
https://familytreemagazine.com/heritage/canadian/11-resources-for-canadian-genealogy (Family Tree Magazine. 11 Resources and Records for Canadian Genealogy, by Kathryn Lake Hogan)
www.acadian.org/genealogy/families/acadian-french-canadian-name-variations (Acadian.org: Acadian French-Canadian Name Variations. The article explains why and where the variations of French names come from)
www.canadianrootsuk.org (Canadian Roots UK. The charity was set up to help Canadian war children born in the UK trace their fathers/family in Canada as well as Canadian fathers or a relative who are trying to trace a child you/he may have fathered in the UK during World War II)
www.immigrationdirect.ca/tracing-family-history-canada-immigration-citizenship-genealogy-guide (Immigration Direct: Tracing Family History: Canada Immigration and Citizenship Genealogy Guide)
www.cangenealogy.com (CanGenealogy: Links and guide to the whereabouts of the main genealogical records)
www.whodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/feature/6-best-canadian-family-history-websites (Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine: What are the best Canadian genealogy sites? Discover the best websites for researching Canadian genealogy)
https://ukcdngenealogy.blogspot.com (Canadian Genealogy Blogroll. Linking your UK Ancestors to Canadian Genealogy Resources)
https://genealogyalacarte.ca (Genealogy à la carte. A daily genealogy news blog from a Montréal, Québec point de vue)
https://genealogycanada.blogspot.co.uk (Canadian genealogy, heritage, and history, by Elizabeth Lapointe)
https://canadagenweb.org (CanadaGenWeb. The project was established in 1996 as a free central repository for Canadian genealogy. The site contains information on national genealogy records and resources. The provincial and territorial GenWebs contain information specific to each province and territory)
www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en (Historica Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. A free, online resource offers the largest collection of authored, accurate and continually updated articles focused on Canada’s history and culture. For more on genealogy and family history see here)
www.nrcan.gc.ca/maps-tools-and-publications/maps/geographical-names-canada/10786 (Natural Resources Canada: Canadian Geographical Names Database. Use the online query tools to search for information about current and former official geographical names and discover the origins of geographical names including Canada’s provinces, territories, and capital cities)
https://atlas.gc.ca (The Atlas of Canada which provides hundreds of online maps about Canada’s environment, society, economy and history including maps of the territories and provinces)
www.barnardos.org.uk/former-barnardos-children (Barnardo’s Family History Service. Barardo’s offer a Basic look up search of the Barnado’s archive plus a full archive package if name is found. Records date from the 1870s and can include those who migrated to Australia or Canada)
https://sites.google.com/site/onlinedirectorysite (Online Historical Directories Website: Links to online city directories covering Canada, Ireland, United Kingdom and the United States)
https://digital.lib.sfu.ca/collection-categories/immigrant-experience (Simon Fraser University Library Digitized Collections: The collections include more than 1.3 million digitized newspapers, photographs, documents and sound recordings. Much of the material originates from the Multicultural Canada digitization project which documented the stories and histories of the cultural groups that make up Canada)
https://libguides.bgsu.edu/newspapers (Bowling Green State University Historical Canadian Newspapers Online: Links to historical Canadian newspapers that are freely available on the Internet)

Online Databases

Census And Voter Lists
Library and Archives Canada
The site provides access to the following Canadian census records:

• All Dominion of Canada, 1871-1931.
• All preconfederation including 1825 (Lower Canada), 1831 (Lower Canada), 1842 (Canada East), 1842 (Canada West), 1851, 1861.
• All prairies including1870 (Manitoba), 1906 (Northwest Provinces), 1916 (Prairies), 1926 (Prairies).

www.findmypast.co.uk (Canadian Census Records. Datasets include: Canada Census 1851; Canada Census 1861; Canada Census 1871; Federal Census of 1871; Canada Census 1881; Canada Census 1891; Canada Census 1901; Canada Census 1911. Each result in this collection will provide you with a transcript and image of the original census form)
www.findmypast.co.uk (Ontario, Canada, Federal Census Of 1871 Ontario Index, 1871)
www.findmypast.co.uk (Lower Canada Census 1825. Please note that Lower Canada comprised modern-day Labrador and southern Quebec)
www.findmypast.co.uk (Lower Canada Census 1842. Please note that Lower Canada comprised modern-day Labrador and southern Quebec)
www.ancestry.ca/census (Census of Canada 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916, 1921. Searchable transcribed Canadian census returns together with browsable images of the collection)
www.ancestry.co.uk (Canada Voters Lists, 1935-1980)
www.familysearch.org (Historical Record Collections including Canada censuses of 1851, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1906, 1911 and 1916 as well as other regional census returns)
http://automatedgenealogy.com (Indices to Canadian Censuses: Automated Genealogy hosts several projects to transcribed indexes Canadian censuses for selected years with a surname search)

Immigration and Passenger Lists

Library and Archives Canada
Passenger Lists, 1865-1922. The database provides access to 21,840 references to passenger lists covering arrivals to Canada.
Library and Archives Canada
Passenger Lists and Border Entries, 1925-1935-Nominal Indexes. The database provides access to more than 830,000 references to immigrants entering Canada listed in immigration records. They include the names of all passengers such as immigrants, returning Canadians, tourists, visitors and immigrants en route to the United States.
Library and Archives Canada
Between 1869 and the late 1930s, over 100,000 juvenile migrants were sent to Canada from the British Isles during the child emigration movement. The database provides access to more than 245,000 names of Home Children from records held at Library and Archives Canada and elsewhere.
Library and Archives Canada
Naturalization Records, 1915-1951. Produced by the Jewish Genealogical Societies of Montreal and Ottawa from annual reports of the Secretary of State and in the Canada Gazette.
Home Children Canada
Home Children Canada Registry. Search the records of Records of over 83,000 Home Children sent from the United Kingdom to Canada to work as indentured farm workers and domestics from the late 1860s up to 1948. The Registry includes passenger detailing the names and details of children transported to Canada.
www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/db/hawke.aspx (Archives of Ontario: Toronto Emigrant Office Assisted Immigration Registers. This database is an index to the four volumes of assisted immigration registers created by the Toronto Emigrant Office between 1865 and 1883. Over 29,000 entries have been transcribed from the registers)
http://immigrants.byu.edu (BYU Center for Family History and Genealogy: Immigrant Ancestors Project. Search a database of millions of immigrants to America and Canada based on registers from repositories across Europe of immigrants which is not found in the port registers and naturalization documents in the destination countries)
www.bifhsgo.ca (The British Isles Family History Society of Greater Ottawa. Home Children. BIFHSGO’s role in Canada’s Home Children story is to establish databases of information about Home Children who came to Canada and to ensure that the information compiled is freely available to all who are interested. Datasets include: Home Children Deaths; Barnardo’s Ups and Downs Magazine: Fegan Homes Index; Middlemore Home Children)
Ancestry
Immigration & Travel: Passenger Lists. Datasets include:

• Canada, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1865-1935. Passenger lists of ships arriving in various Canadian ports as well as some eastern U.S. ports from 1865-1935 are indexed this database.
• Canada, Ocean Arrivals (Form 30A), 1919-1924. This data collection contains individual declarations of passengers arriving at various Canadian ports between 1919 and 1924.
• U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s. Compiled from various passenger lists by P. William Filby.
• Canada, Canadian Pacific Steamship Company Records, 1897-1981.
• Canada, St. Lawrence Steamboat Company Passenger Lists, 1819-1838.

Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild
The website is a resource for researching immigration history, particularly passenger lists from various ships that brought immigrants to the United States, Canada and other countries. The ISTG has transcribed over 61,000 passenger lists, which are organised by ship name, port of departure and arrival dates. This extensive database allows users to search for specific individuals.
https://familysearch.org (Canada Passenger Lists, 1881-1922. Index and images of ships’ passenger lists. The lists for United States ports include only those names of passengers with intentions of proceeding directly to Canada)
www.findmypast.co.uk (Travel & Migration Records: Datasets include Outbound Passenger Lists,1890-1960. The dataset includes passenger lists in extracted from TNA series BT 27 and includes long-haul voyages to destinations outside Britain, Europe and the Mediterranean. Countries that feature strongly include Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa and the USA. Irish ports before partition in 1921 and all Northern Irish ports after partition are covered. The lists also include those travelling onwards from British ports)
www.findmypast.co.uk (United States, Canadian Border Crossings, 1895-1954. The collection is made up of four collections from the National Archives and Records Administration including both indexes and passenger manifests of entries from Canada into the United States through St Albans, Vermont, between 1895 and 1954)
www.findmypast.co.uk (United States, Transatlantic Migration. Records of migrating ancestors to Canada and the United States from England, Scotland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany and France. The data is extracted from a number of publications and covers the 1500s to the early 1900s)
www.theshipslist.com (The website will help you find your ancestors on ships’ passenger lists. We also have immigration reports, newspaper records, shipwreck information, ship pictures, ship descriptions, shipping-line fleet lists and more; as well as hundreds of passenger lists to Canada, USA, Australia and even some for South Africa)

Newspapers
www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/databases (Toronto Public Library: Toronto Star Historical Newspaper Archive. The archive contains every Toronto Star page published from 1894 to 2016 in PDF format, searchable by keyword. The database collection also includes Globe and Mail Historical Newspaper Archive 1844 to 2016)
www.myheritage.com (Newspaper Name Index, USA and Canada. MyHeritage. Search a collection of 982 million names extracted from U.S. and Canadian historical newspaper collections. Records will typically include a person’s name, a snippet of text mentioning them in the newspaper, the newspaper publication title, date, and place of publication)
http://gazette.gc.ca/accueil-home-eng.html (Canada Gazette. Search or browse the official newspaper of the Government of Canada published since 1998 for new statutes, new and proposed regulations, administrative board decisions and public notices)
www.canadiana.ca (Canadiana Online. The site provides online access to content and collections from libraries, archives and universities from across Canada. Resources include: the Serials Collection of newspapers and journals and city directories; Government Publications such as lists of voters, government acts, committee reports and debates)
https://news.google.com/newspapers (Digitised newspaper archive search from the U.S. and Canada for the period 1880 to about 2005. To refine a search, from the search results page that appears, go to Search tools below the search box)
www.britishcolonist.ca (The British Colonist. Search all the issues of the British Colonist newspaper from its first issue in 1858 to December 1980. Published in Victoria, it became the leading paper in the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia)
https://newspapers.lib.sfu.ca (Simon Fraser University Library Digitized Collections: Newspapers. Digitized newspapers make up the largest part of the digitized collections with more than 950,000 pages from 50 full text newspapers including regional British Columbia titles as well as French Canadian, Chinese and Jewish papers. Much of the material originates from the Multicultural Canada digitization project which documented the stories and histories of the cultural groups that make up Canada)
https://search.findmypast.co.uk/search/world-records (US & World newspaper Collection. Online access to global historical newspapers from Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Jamaica, and South Africa)

Birth, Marriage and Death
https://canadianheadstones.com (Canadian Headstone Photo Project: Browse over 1.5 million gravestone photo records from across Canada)
www.findmypast.co.uk (Canadian Resources: Datasets include civil birth, marriage, death registers and parish records. Coverage includes Ontario Birth Index, 1860-1920; New Brunswick Birth and Baptism Index, 1769-1899; British Columbia, Baptism Index, 1772-1888)
www.novascotiagenealogy.com (Nova Scotia Historical Vital Statistics: Online access to the Nova Scotia civil births, marriages and deaths registers covering 1763-1958. Also available at www.ancestry.co.uk)
https://library-archives.canada.ca/eng/collection/research-help/genealogy-family-history/Pages/genealogy-family-history.aspx (Library and Archives Canada: Birth, Marriage and Death Records. Search 6,976 references to births, marriages and deaths recorded in church records and other documents. Also access 12,732 references to the transcripts of the acts of divorce from 1841 to 1968; Names appearing on lists of marriages licences issued in Upper Canada; Marriage Bonds, 1779-1858 in Upper & Lower Canada)
http://search-collections.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/Genealogy (BC Archives. The BC Archives is the archives of the Government of British Columbia. Genealogy General Search. Search indexes to births [1854-1903], marriages [1871-1944], deaths [1872-1999], colonial marriages [1859-1872] and baptisms [1836-1888])
www.ancestry.co.uk (Ottawa, Canada, Beechwood Cemetery Registers, 1873-1990)
www.ancestry.co.uk (Canada, Newspapers.com Marriage Index, 1800s-current. This database consists of an index extracted from marriages found on Newspapers.com dating from the early 1800s to current)
www.ancestry.co.uk (Canada, Obituary Collection, 1898-Current. The collection contains recent obituaries from hundreds of newspapers)
www.ancestry.co.uk (Canada, Find a Grave Index, 1600s-Current. This database contains an index to cemetery and burial details posted on Find a Grave)
www.findmypast.co.uk (Canadian Headstones Index. Search over 1.8 million indexed records of Canadian headstones obtained through CanadianHeadstones.com presented by the Ontario Genealogical Society)
https://billiongraves.com (BillionGraves: Family history database for records and images from the world’s cemeteries. Members of the public can collect photos of headstones in a local cemetery with iOS, Android and Windows mobile apps and then upload the photo and headstone transcription. BillionGraves records are also available to search at FamilySearch)
www.prdh-igd.com (PRDH, Programme de recherche en démographie historique. Search Protestant and Catholic baptisms, marriages, burials covering 1621 to 1849 for Quebec and French Canada as well as a genealogical dictionary of families)
www.abgenealogy.ca/alberta-records-name-index (Alberta Genealogical Society: Alberta Records Name Index. Search over a million records from grave marker inscriptions, burials records and other types of cemetery records, life events and newspaper records from all over Alberta)
www.ancestry.co.uk (The Drouin Collection: The collection includes 17 million baptism, marriage and burial records and also a compilation of church records from all denominations in Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and various New England states)
www.familysearch.org/search/family-trees (FamilySearch Community Trees: Pedigrees and family names extracted from a variety of sources including, baptisms, marriages with some death/burial registers from the Antigonish Catholic Diocese 1823-1905)

Land and Property Records
www.findmypast.co.uk (US & Canadian Resources. Indexed and searchable, using optical character recognition, collection of historical publications for the U.S. and Canada. Resources include Land Settlement Records and Surveys)
www.ancestry.co.uk (Canada, South African War Land Grants, 1908-1910)
https://library-archives.canada.ca/eng/collection/research-help/genealogy-family-history/Pages/land-records.aspx (Library and Archives Canada: Land Records. Search records related to land, including petitions, grants and scrip including: Land Grants of Western Canada, 1870-1930; Land Petitions of Lower Canada, 1764-1841; Land Petitions of Upper Canada, 1763-1865; Gaspé Land Commission. List of names of claimants, 1819-1825; Land Boards of Upper Canada, 1765-1804)
https://archives.novascotia.ca/genealogy/nova-scotia-land-records (Nova Scotia Archives: Nova Scotia Land Papers 1765-1800; Cape Breton Island Petitions 1787-1843; The Crown Lands Index Sheets, a series of maps showing the approximate location of all land grants in Nova Scotia)
https://archives.gnb.ca/APPS/GovRecs/RS686/?culture=en-CA (Provincial Archives of New Brunswick: Index to New Brunswick Land Grants, 1784 – 1997)
www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/geographic-data-services/land-use/crown-land-registry (Government of British Columbia: Crown Land Registry. The Registry known as Tantalis is a record of Crown land ownership, rights, interests and encumbrances for British Columbia from the 1850s. Users can search and access scanned original Crown land documents, such as the original Crown grant including the name of the grant holder and grant date, Crown land survey field notes and official plans)
www.abgenealogy.ca/alberta-homestead-index (Alberta Genealogical Society. Alberta Homestead Index. The Alberta Homestead Database was compiled by AGS volunteers transcribing the Applications for Alberta Land Patents, 1885-1897, Alberta Homestead Records, 1870-1930 and Alberta Homestead records, post-1930)
www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/db/deviseedb.aspx (Archives of Ontario: Second Heir and Devisee Commission Case Files Database. The database indexes case files made to the Commission for land claims made by heirs, devisees or nominees of original nominees for grants of Crown land. The 5184 case files date from 1804 to 1895)
www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/microfilm/index.aspx (Archives of Ontario: Ontario Land Records Index on Microfiche, 1780-1920. The series provides access to Crown Land records and some land-related material found in the Canada Company and Peter Robinson fonds. Also available on microfilm are the First and Second Heir and Devisee Commission Records which heard and ruled on claims to land made by the heirs, devisees, and assignees of original nominees. Other libraries and institutions may have a microfiche copy of these indexes)

Military Records
https://library-archives.canada.ca/eng/collection/research-help/military-heritage/Pages/military-heritage.aspx (Library and Archives Canada: Military History. The collection consists of records of the Canadian men and women who served in the military and in the early years of the North West Mounted Police. There are records relating to Loyalists, the War of 1812, the Rebellions, the South African War, the First World War and the Second World War. The records include muster rolls, military service files, unit war diaries, medal registers, photographic collections, documentary art and posters, as well as published sources)
https://library-archives.canada.ca/eng/collection/research-help/military-heritage/Pages/military-heritage.aspx (Library and Archives Canada: Military History. First World War. The archives has an extensive collection of material relating to the First World War including: Service Files including the Canadian Expeditionary Force members which include soldiers, nurses and chaplains; War Grage Registers; War Diaries; Medals, Honours and Awards; Photos and Maps)
www.canadiangreatwarproject.com (Canadian Great War Project. The site promotes interest in Canada’s participation in World War I and strives to identify every Canadian man and woman who served in the Canadian Expeditionary Force [CEF]. The site has a General Soldier Search which includes scanned and indexed soldier attestation forms, a Soldier Search by Regimental Number or Name as well as searchable rolls of honour, awards lists war diaries, letters and newspaper extracts)
www.findmypast.co.uk (Military Service & Conflict: The resources in this section commemorate Canada’s involvement in some of the major military conflicts of the past two centuries)
www.ancestry.co.uk (Canada Military: Datasets include: Canada, Canadian Expeditionary Force Burial Registers, First World War, 1914-1919; Commonwealth War Graves Registers, 1914-1919; Canada, Soldiers of the First World War, 1914-1918 containing an index to the Attestation papers of men enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force of the First World War)

Directories
https://genealogyalacarte.ca/?page_id=10651 (Genealogy à la carte: Links to Canadian city directories)
www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/directories-collection/Pages/directories-collection.aspx (Canadian Directories Collection. Canadian Directories is a database of scanned, microfiche versions of pre-1901 Canadian directories including a comprehensive collection of directories for Ottawa and Halifax)
www.vpl.ca/digital-library/british-columbia-city-directories (Vancouver Public Library: British Columbia City Directories 1860-1955. The directories contain detailed historical information about British Columbian communities, including street and name listings of individuals and businesses in Vancouver and Victoria)
www.findmypast.co.uk (Canadian Directories & Almanacs. Explore annual directories and almanacs to discover your ancestor’s address or occupation. We have over 450 directories from Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Ontario and Toronto from 1853 until 2010)
www.findmypast.co.uk (Do you have ancestors from the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island? Explore these directories and almanacs to discover your ancestor’s address and occupation or explore the history of the province between 1880 and 1899)
https://mhdgs.ca/phonebooks.html (Medicine Hat and District Genealogical Society. Alberta Government Telephone Books. Explore digited copies of Alberta telephone books)
https://torontofamilyhistory.org/researching-toronto-ancestors/city-directories (Toronto Branch, Ontario Genealogical Society: City Directories. Digitised and pdf copies of directories from 1833 to 1922)

Other
www.findmypast.co.uk (Canadian Records: Collection of historical records for all 10 of Canada’s provinces. The records offer a bevy of personal stories with newspapers, location-based details with land surveys and even complete pedigrees researched by family historians. Categories include: Birth, Marriage & Death; Census, Land & Substitutes; Churches & Religion; Directories & Social History; Education & Work; Institutes & Organizations; Military Service & Conflict)
www.ancestry.co.uk (Canada: Welcome to our Canada family history research page. Here you’ll find record collections, history, and genealogy resources to help you trace your Canada ancestors. Categories include: Census & Electoral Rolls; Birth, Marriage & Death, including Parish; Military; Immigration & Travel; Newspapers & Periodicals; Schools, Directories & Church Histories; Wills, Probates, Land, Tax & Criminal)
www.familysearch.org (Canada, Ontario Tax Assessment Rolls, 1834-1899. These records may include the name, age, occupation, and possibly the religious affiliation of the head of household along with information about his lands, home, family members, crops, and animals)
www.findmypast.co.uk (British Columbia Estate Files Browse 1859-1949. The records contain probate estate files pertaining to the judicial districts of British Columbia. Included in this collection is a probate index for the district of Vancouver)
www.canadiana.ca (Canadiana Online. The site provides online access to content and collections from libraries, archives and universities from across Canada. Resources include: the Serials Collection of newspapers and journals and city directories; Government Publications such as lists of voters, government acts, committee reports and debates)
https://heritage.canadiana.ca (Canadiana Online Héritage project. The site includes digitised material from Library and Archives Canada including immigration records, church records, land records, family histories and papers, census returns and voters’ lists)
https://canadagenweb.org (CanadaGenWeb: Online access to vital records, cemetery records, church records, census records, ship passenger lists, military records, court records, land records, wills, obituaries, directories, local histories and many others)
www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/digital-archive (Toronto Public Library Digital Archive: The Digital Archive includes rare historical pictures, maps, manuscripts, ephemera and digitized books from our Special Collections for research, study and discovery)
www.automatedgenealogy.com (Linking Projects: Links individual names to multiple databases where the name being searched appears)
www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical (Hudson’s Bay Company Archives: Biographical sheets created by Hudson’s Bay Company Archives staff to provide employment information on individuals who were employed by the Hudson’s Bay Company and/or the North West Company)
www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/microform-digitization/006003-110.01-e.php (Library and Archives Canada Microform Digitization: Project to digitize items copied to microfiche and microfilm and make available over the Internet. Items include Border Entry Records, 1919-1924, Ocean Arrivals, 1919-1924 and School Files Series, 1879-1953. If you click the Help link next to each of the collections, an index is provided)
www.genealogiequebec.com/en (GenealogyQuebec. Search collections of over 45 million images and files covering all of Quebec as well as part of the United States, Ontario and Acadia from 1621 to this day. Collections include all parish registers in Quebec from 1621 to the 1940s, city directories, millions of death notices, tombstones and death cards, hundreds of thousands of notarized contracts and postcards, and much more)
www.familysearch.org/search/family-trees (FamilySearch Genealogies: Community Trees: Search pedigrees and family names extracted from a variety of sources)
https://library.ucalgary.ca/digital?b=g&d=a&group_id=14797 (University of Calgary: Libraries And Cultural Resources. Resources include the Local Histories [formerly Our Roots] collection which features books describing the history of Canadian small towns, rural areas, and large cities)
https://novascotia.ca/archives/maps (Nova Scotia Archives: Historical Maps of Nova Scotia)
www.flickr.com/photos/nationalarchives/collections/72157630315300544 (The National Archives UK Collections: Colonial Office Photographic Collection from the CO 1069 collection: Canada)
www.flickr.com/photos/halifaxarchives (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Municipal Archives: Archive historical photos produced by the City of Halifax Works Department during a period of intense urban renewal: 1958-1969)
https://theancestorhunt.com/photos.html (The Ancestor Hunt. Links to these free online photo collections for Canadian province and territories from archives, historical societies, libraries and genealogical societies)

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