Nature of Source
Registers of Roman Catholics who refused to take oaths of loyalty after the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. They were required to register their names and estates at Quarter Session or face the seizure of their property. Returns are arranged alphabetically by county and some towns.
The Forfeited Estates Commission (FEC) was responsible for overseeing the seizure of the estates and details can be found in the Close Rolls held at The National Archives (TNA). Catholic wills and land transfer documents can also be found amongst Close Rolls from 1716. From the 16th century consult Pipe Rolls, Memoranda Rolls and Quarter Session records for details of seized land. The returns can also be useful for the names of non-Catholic tenants and occupiers. Seized lands were often put up for sale and these transactions were sometimes recorded by the FEC.
Also consider the records of the Committee for Compounding with Delinquents which established Sequestration Committees, where land and goods were confiscated from royalists and Catholics during the English civil war (1642-1651). The records are held at The National Archives and covered in the TNA Research Guide: State papers domestic 1642-1660. The Society of Genealogists has produced an index volume covering 1640-1660.
The period of Roman Catholic persecution is often referred to as the ‘Penal Times’ and lasted from 1534 to 1778. Throughout these years Catholics and other nonconformists suffered varying degrees of persecution which generated useful genealogical records. Although the measures were often harsh, many anti-Catholic laws were not always strictly enforced.
Timeline of Catholic Persecution and Toleration
The timeline highlights the centuries-long persecution of Catholics in England, punctuated by moments of tolerance and eventual emancipation.
16th Century
Key Events
1534: Act of Supremacy
Act of Supremacy. The Act declared Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England, assuming authority over religious matters in England. The Act marked a formal break from Rome.
1552: Second Act of Uniformity
Passed in 1552 under Edward VI, The Act made attendance at Church of England services compulsory.
1559: Third Act of Uniformity
The Act imposed fines on those who refused to attend Anglican worship at their parish church and banned the celebration of Catholic mass. Fines imposed were collected by churchwardens and are found amongst quarter session records.
1563: Penal Laws
The death penalty was imposed on priests who said mass. It was also forbidden to defend papal supremacy and those that did, were liable to have their property seized by the authorities.
1570: Papal Bull Regnans in Excelsis
Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth I by Papal Bull and labelled her a heretic. The measure heightened distrust of Catholics and called into question Catholic allegiance to crown and country. Parliament responded in 1571 by making it high treason to call the monarch a heretic or bring into England any Papal Bulls.
1581: Recusancy Laws
Recusancy laws made non-attendance at Anglican services an indictable offence and punishable by a heavy fine of twenty pounds per month. Converting to Catholicism or attempting to convert others to the religion became a treasonable offence resulting in death. In addition, a fine of 100 marks and a year in prison was imposed on those hearing mass. Recusants often appear in quarter sessions records and the fines levied were recorded in the pipe rolls. In 1592, a separate series called Recusant Rolls was created specifically to record recusancy cases which continued until 1691. The pipe rolls also contain the accounts of fines and forfeitures of lands collected under the recusancy acts. Both Pipe Rolls and Recusant Rolls are available to view at The National Archives. An Act of 1581 severely restricted Catholic education making it extremely difficult for Catholic families to provide their children with a Catholic schooling.
1585: Act Against Jesuits and Seminary Priests
Priests who trained abroad were banned from England and those that did return were considered guilty of high treason. All English born Catholics priests trained abroad were ordered to leave the country within 40 days. As a result, priests were hunted down and a total of 126 priests were executed during the reign of Elizabeth I.
1586: The Babington Plot
Anthony Babington and his co- conspirators planned to assassinate Elizabeth I and place the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. The plot was discovered and the plotters were executed.
1588: Spanish Armada
Mistrust of Catholics worsened due to growing tensions with Catholic Spain, culminating in the defeat of the Spanish Armada invasion attempt of England. The defeat of the Spanish Armada had severe consequences for English Catholics. Recusants were barred from buying and selling land. The £20 per month fine for non-attendance at an Anglican service was stiffened and now accumulated until the recusant conformed. If a recusant refused to pay the fines, their goods and two-thirds of their land could be seized.
1592: Recusant Rolls
The first separate recusant rolls were compiled consisting mainly of Catholics and lasted up to 1691 (previously recusancy was recorded in the pipe rolls). The rolls recorded the punishments and fines of those who refused to conform to the Anglican doctrine. Memoranda Rolls 1217-1835: includes records of seizure of recusant’s lands.
1593: Act Restraining Recusants
Catholics were restricted from traveling beyond five miles from home without permission and those absent from home for more than three months were required to leave the country. Catholics were banned from holding large gatherings. Another Act of the same year ordered people aged 16 and over who refused to attend Anglican services were to be imprisoned.
17th Century
Key Events
1605: The Gunpowder Plot
Led by Robert Catesby and his Catholic associates including Guy Fawkes, the operation aimed to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill King James and his family. The failed plot to end Protestant rule intensified anti-Catholic sentiment and unleashed a new wave of attacks on the Catholic faith and Catholic followers.
1606: Oath of Allegiance
King James I of England introduced the Oath of Allegiance which acknowledged James I as the lawful and rightful king and denied the Pope any authority over the monarch. Catholics were required to swear allegiance or face imprisonment. Convicted recusants were ordered to receive Anglican communion at least once a year or face a fine or seizure of their property. Recusants were also barred from office and professions such as law and medicine and the military. Informers were paid £50 for revealing a priest saying mass or persons attending mass. These restrictions applied not only to Catholics but also to Protestants who married Catholic wives.
1625: Taxation Act of 1625
Catholic recusants (those who had not attended holy communion in the Church of England for a year) were forced to pay a double rate of taxation. This included assessments on lands and goods. Tax records can be found in Lay Subsidy Rolls and Catholics and other nonconformists should be recognisable as they paid a double rate.
1661-1665: The Clarendon Code
The Code was a series of four legislative acts passed in England during the reign of Charles II which aimed to emasculate the power of nonconformists.
- Corporation Act (1661) excluded Catholics and other nonconformists from public posts unless they took the sacrament of holy communion at an Anglican service.
- Act of Uniformity (1662) mandated the use of the Book of Common Prayer in all religious services. Those who refused were excluded from holding church office.
- Conventicle Act (1664) made religious gatherings (conventicles) of Catholic and nonconformist worship illegal, even in private houses, where more than four outsiders were present.
- Five-Mile Act (1665) barred nonconformist and Catholic ministers from living or visiting within five miles of a town or any other place where they once preached.
1672: Declaration of Indulgence
King Charles II issued the Declaration which temporarily relaxed the Penal Laws against Catholics and Protestant nonconformists, lasting less than a year.
1673: Test Act
The strength of anti-Catholic feeling led parliament to order the enforcement of the recusancy laws and pass the Test Act in retaliation against the Declaration of Indulgence of 1672. The Act barred Catholics from holding civil or military positions unless they took the oath and submitted a sacrament certificate proving they had taken Anglican communion. Between 1689 and 1702, the requirement to take the oaths and test was extended to beneficed clergy, members of the universities, lawyers, schoolteachers and preachers. The declarations can be found in The National Archives.
1676: Compton Census
The ecclesiastical survey of religious affiliations in England and Wales was commissioned by Henry Compton, Bishop of London. The survey identified Popish recusants and other dissenters in each parish. Identified recusants could be reported to Justices of the Peace who called on those named to take the oath with refusal potentially leading to jail.
1678: Popish Plot
The plot, fabricated by Titus Oates a disgraced Anglican clergyman, alleged a Catholic and Jesuit plan to assassinate King Charles II and bring his Catholic brother the Duke of York to the throne. The conspiracy led to intensified persecution with the imprisonment of hundreds of Catholics and the execution of 22 innocent people. Estreats Rolls held at The National Archives hold information on fines imposed on Catholics following the alleged plot.
1687: Declaration of Indulgence
The Catholic king, King James II of England and Ireland (James VII of Scotland) issued his own Declaration of Indulgence. The Declaration suspended the penal law, the Test Act and removed religious oaths, as well as other acts that restricted religious freedom. The reforms proved short lived due to the Glorious Revolution in 1688 which brought about the abdication of King James II and established the Protestant rule of William III and Mary II as joint monarchs.
1688: Catholic Church Restructuring
Pope Innocent XI increased the number of bishops in England from one to four, creating four Apostolic Vicariates: the Northern, Western (including Wales), London, and Midland Districts. The new structure replaced the previous single Apostolic Vicariate of England and Wales.
1689: The Bill of Rights
The Bill excluded Catholics from the royal succession, declaring that no future monarch could be a Catholic or be married to a Catholic. This provision was later reaffirmed in the 1701 Act of Settlement and remains in force today. New oaths of supremacy and allegiance were passed and measures were introduced to restrict the freedom of movement of Catholics.
1689: The Toleration Act
The Act eased some restrictions, but the specific acts under the Clarendon Code were not repealed until the 19th century.
1692: The Land Tax Act
Following the double rate of taxation Catholics were forced to pay in 1625, Catholics were required to pay double land tax. The double rate remained in force from 1693 until Catholic emancipation in 1831. Catholics and other nonconformist entries should be recognisable amongst the land tax records as they paid double the rate of others.
18th Century
Key Events
1700: The Popery Act
The Act was passed in 1698 but came into effect on March 25, 1700. The Act barred Catholics from purchasing land and restricted property and land inheritance. Catholic clergy who celebrated mass could face life imprisonment or transportation. A reward was offered to informers who provided information leading to the conviction of Catholic priests. The penalties included any Catholic, clergy or layperson who ran a school or took on the education of Catholics.
1702: The Security of Succession Act
The Act introduced an oath of abjuration, which required nearly all office-holders to swear loyalty to the Protestant succession and deny the claim of James Francis Edward Stuart (Old Pretender), the son of the deposed Catholic King James II, to the English throne. Some returns of Catholics taking oaths are held by The National Archives as well as certificates of those who refused to take the oath.
1714: Security of the Sovereign Act
The Act required all civil and military office holders and other individuals such teachers, preachers and lawyers to publicly swear an oath of allegiance and supremacy to the Sovereign and the Protestant succession. The National Archives holds certificates of those who refused to take the oath.
1715-1723: Jacobite Rebellion
Following the rebellions which aimed at restoring the House of Stuart to the British throne, Catholics and others suspected of Jacobite sympathies were required to swear an Oath of Allegiance. Catholics refusing to take the oaths were required to register their names and estates at quarter sessions or face the seizure of their property. Catholics were required to enrol documents such as wills and conveyances that involved the transfer of property and details can be found in close rolls held by The National Archives. Lists of those who refused to take the oath are normally available at county record offices
1778: The Catholic Relief Act
The Act permitted Catholics to own land and inherit land in the same way as Protestants. Catholics taking the oath of allegiance were allowed to join the army and were exempt from many restrictions placed on them from the Popery Act of 1698, such as the prosecution of priests and the ban on keeping Catholic schools. Opposition to the relaxation led to the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots of 1780.
1791: Roman Catholic Relief Act
The Act granted Catholics greater freedom to practice their religion, including the ability for Catholic clergy to say mass freely.
19th Century
Key Events
1829 The Catholic Emancipation Act
The Act repealed the many repressive measures and penal laws that had discriminated against Catholics since the 16th century. Key provisions included:
- Catholics could sit as Members of Parliament.
- Catholics could hold senior government and public offices.
- Catholics could attend universities.
- Catholics could enter professions such as law.
- Catholics could participating in local government.
Also see
Association Oath Rolls
Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy
Protestation Oath Returns
Recusant Rolls
Returns of Papists
Roman Catholic Registers and Records
Sacrament Certificates (Oath of Allegiance)
Where Found
- Series E 174, Exchequer: King’s Remembrancer: Returns of Papists’ and Nonjurors’ Estates, 1723-1725.
County Record Offices
Local archives hold records related to Returns of Papists’ estates, particularly those concerning Catholics in the 17th and 18th centuries. These records include details such as property valuations, seizures, and fines imposed on recusants.
Ushaw College Library
Durham University. The library holds extensive collections of manuscript and printed sources covering recusant studies and the history of 18th-19th century Catholicism in England, especially in the North. The library has over 40,000 printed titles, the great majority pre-1851, including rare pamphlet literature as well as a collection of recusant rolls. In 2015 the library acquired the Catholic National Library and its collection of more than 70,000 books, pamphlets and periodicals.
Period Covered
1723 – 1725
Genealogical Value
- Names and address with detailed description of the land held and the precise location and dimension of the land.
- Names of tenants and occupiers also listed.
Further References
- Barlow, Derek. Records of the Forfeited Estates Commission: HMSO, 1968
- Bevan, John. Index to Gillow’s “Bibliographical Dictionary of the English Catholics”: John Bevan, 1985
- Gandy, Michael. Tracing Catholic Ancestors: Public Record Office, 2001
- Gandy, Michael. Basic Facts About Tracing Your Catholic Ancestry in England: Federation of Family History Societies, 2002
- Gandy, Michael. Family History Cultures and Faiths: The National Archives, 2007
- Gandy, Michael. Catholic Family History: a Bibliography of General Sources: the author, 1996
- Gandy, Michael. Catholic Family History: a Bibliography of Local Sources: the author, 1996
- Gandy, Michael. Catholic Family History: a Bibliography for Wales: the author, 1996
- Gandy, Michael. Catholic Family History: a Bibliography for Scotland: the author, 1996
- Gillow, Joseph. A Literary and Biographical History or Bibliographical Dictionary of English Catholics from the Breach with Rome in 1534 to the Present Time, 5 vols: Burns & Oats, 1885-1902 (Volumes available online from the Internet Archive)
- Mullins, E.L.C. Texts and Calendars: An Analytical Guide to Serial Publications, 1957-1983. London: Royal Historical Society (Guide to publications of the Record Commissions, the P.R.O. and other national bodies and societies and those of local record societies in England and Wales)
- Munby, Lionel M. & Thompson, Kathryn (eds) Short Guides to Records: First Series-Guides 1-24: The Historical Association, 1994
- Steel, D & Samuel, Edgar. Sources for Roman Catholic and Jewish Genealogy and Family History: Society of Genealogists, 1986
TNA Research Guides:
Catholic
Oaths of loyalty to the Crown and Church of England
Websites
Catholic Heritage
The Project aims to bring together numerous organisations across Britain and Ireland in order to provide users with a centralised access point to an online collection of Archive and Library catalogues within the Catholic Church. The project hosts a number participating repositories including the Jesuits in Britain Archives, the Scottish Catholic Archives and the Diocese of Westminster Archives.
Catholic Record Society
The Society, founded in 1904, is dedicated to the study and preservation of Catholic history and culture in Britain and Ireland. The society’s Records Series contains items of genealogical interest including baptism and marriage registers and Returns of Papists. The society produces the academic journal British Catholic History, which covers British Catholic history from the 15th century to the present.
Catholic Archives Society
The Society promotes the care and preservation of Roman Catholic archives. Its mission is to ensure these archives are properly managed for administrative, research and cultural purposes. The Society also offers a categorised directory to help users locate diocesan archives and other Catholic archives across the UK and Scotland.
UK Parliament
Parliamentary Archives: Research Guide: Roman Catholics ‘Papist’ Returns for Family History. Use this guide if your ancestor was a Roman Catholic and you know where they lived between 1608 and 1781, but particularly in 1767.
Catholic Directory
The Directory has information about all Catholic Churches, Schools, Organisations, Religious Houses, Chaplaincies and Associations in the UK, Ireland and many across the world.
The Catholic Church
Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales. The site offers an overview of the Catholic Church’s activities and structures in England and Wales with details about the 22 dioceses in England and Wales, along with other ecclesiastical jurisdictions.
GenDocs
Victorian London Cemeteries. The site listing the principal Victorian London cemeteries with the date of its first register covering Non-Denominational Cemeteries, Roman Catholic Cemeteries, Jewish Cemeteries. Army Cemetery, Navy Cemetery, Moravian Burial Ground.
Ancestry Solutions
Timeline of anti-Catholic legislation. English Statutes affecting Roman Catholics.
Queen Mary University of London
The Queen Mary Centre for Religion and Literature in English. The Centre focuses on the history of various religious traditions, including Roman Catholicism, the Church of England, Protestant dissent, Methodism, and Judaism.
GenealogyBank
A Genealogist’s Guide to Old Latin Terms & Abbreviations. In this article, Mary Harrell-Sesniak explains some of the old terms, many of them derived from Latin, that genealogists encounter during their family history research.
Parliamentary Archives Blog
The Protestation Returns, Lancashire and Recusants, by Miriam Gibson.
Family Tree Resources
How do I Find Catholic Records?
Family Tree
How do I find my Roman Catholic ancestors? Do you have Roman Catholic ancestors in your family tree? If so, you can find records in the most surprising of places, as Stuart A Raymond explains in his guide.
Surrey Heritage
Roman Catholic records. A useful guide to Surrey Roman Catholic records for family, social and local historians including records held at Surrey History Centre.
Scottish Catholic Archives
Genealogy. Understanding Parish Registers.
Legacy Tree Genealogists
A Genealogist’s Guide to Using Catholic Records in Genealogy Research.
Scottish Catholic Archives
The Archives serves as the archive of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland. It is responsible for preserving the historical memory of the Church. The SCA has a wealth of genealogical sources to assist with family history research including parish registers containing baptism, confirmation, marriage, and burial records. The SCA holds parish archives for various dioceses and publishes the Scottish Catholic Directory.
Scottish Catholic Archives
Genealogy. The guide explores the extensive resources available at the Scottish Catholic Archives for conducting research into your Scottish Catholic family history.
Manchester and Lancashire FHS
Catholic Ancestors. The society manages the records and publications previously held by the Catholic Family History Society, which shut down in late 2023. Material previously available to the public will remain so, and material previously for Catholic FHS members will become available to MLFHS members. The MLFHS website provides access to various resources for researching Catholic ancestors, including indexes, databases, guides and publications including transcribed Catholic registers and past editions of ‘Catholic Ancestor’, the Catholic FHS magazine.
Manchester and Lancashire FHS
Catholic Ancestors. History of Catholicism in England. Following Henry VIII’s denial of Papal authority in 1536, Catholics faced nearly three centuries of persecution until the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829 enabled Catholics to worship openly.
Manchester and Lancashire FHS
Catholic Ancestors. Researching Catholic Ancestors. While Catholics will appear alongside Anglicans and other denominations in many basic record sources, there are many records which are specific to Catholics. Learn more about what is available.
Scotland’s People Guide
Church registers. Roman Catholic parish registers.
National Records of Scotland
Research Guide. Catholic Parish Registers.
Scotland’s People Guide
Parishes and districts.
Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
Information leaflet: Latin terminology In Roman Catholic Church registers. Information leaflet providing translation from Latin to English pertaining to church registers
Findmypast Blog
Catholic family history. A Genealogist’s Guide to Latin in Family History Records. Comprehensive guide to understanding the language, helping you decipher key phrases from Latin to English.
Google Translate
Google allows you to translate text, documents and websites from one language into another. The service can translate text from Latin to many other languages and vice versa.
Online Databases
Findmypast
Datasets include:
- England Roman Catholic Parish Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1650s-1907. Explore thousands of Roman Catholic sacramental registers from the dioceses of Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Middlesbrough, Northampton, Nottingham, Plymouth, Salford, Southwark (covering Kent and Surrey) and Westminster in England.
- Yorkshire, Sheffield Social and Institutional Records 1558-1939. List of papist estates, 1715
- Wales, Cardiff Roman Catholic Parish Baptisms, Marriages and Burials. Explore thousands of Roman Catholic sacramental registers.
- Cheshire Non-Conformist & Roman Catholic registers, 17th Century-1910. Search thousands of Roman Catholic sacramental baptism, marriage and burial registers.
- England & Wales, Roman Catholics, 1717. The collection consists of records extracted from series FEC 1 held at The National Archives which includes deeds of estates of Popish recusants as well as alphabetical lists of convicted recusants registered in the various counties and some towns, in England and Wales produced for the Forfeited Estates Commission.
- British Armed Forces, Roman Catholic Registers. Search sacramental registers from the British Army, Royal Air Force and Royal Navy stationed at home and abroad between 1836 and 1975.
- Westminster Roman Catholic Census, 1893.
- Pleasington Priory Burials. Search 7,000 Roman Catholic burial records in the Pleasington Priory in Lancashire, also known as St. Mary & St. John the Baptist.
- Essex Memorial Inscriptions. The dataset contains records covering Anglican, Roman Catholic, Quaker, and non-conformist, as well as community and war memorials.
- Boyd’s Marriage Index 1538-1840 including the London & Middlesex Marriage Index 1538-1837. This collection indexes 96,000 marriages for the City of London and Middlesex. Over 50,000 City of London marriages and 46,000 for Middlesex have been indexed by Cliff Webb. These include 3,160 Roman Catholic marriages.
Ancestry
Datasets include
- Warwickshire, Miscellaneous Church of England Parish Records. This database contains a collection of miscellaneous records from parishes in Warwickshire, England, for the 18th–20th centuries including papist estates.
- The Liverpool collection contains thousands of Catholic registers including: Liverpool Catholic Baptisms, 1741-1919, Liverpool Catholic Confirmations, 1813-1926, Liverpool Catholic Marriages, 1754-1935, Liverpool Catholic Burials, 1813-1985.
- Bristol, England, Non-Conformist Baptism, Marriage and Burial Registers, 1644-1981. This collection comprises registers from Non-Conformist congregations in the Bristol area. These include Roman Catholic, Methodist, Quaker, Presbyterian, Wesleyan, Congregationalist, Baptist, Unitarian and other denominations.
- Cheshire, England, Roman Catholic Baptism, Marriage and Burial Registers, 1644-1913.
- Lancashire, England, Catholic Registers of Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1762-1913.
- West Yorkshire, Roman Catholic Oath Records, 1714-1787, 1829. This collection contains lists and certificates of Roman Catholics failing to take the oaths of abjuration, allegiance and supremacy which were a part of an act passed by parliament in 1715.
The Great Parchment Book
of the Honourable The Irish Society. Online access to people, places or livery companies mentioned in the Great Parchment Book held at The London Archives. The Book records details of forfeited estates owned by the City of London in the County Londonderry, Northern Ireland in 1639.
Trinity College Dublin
The Down Survey of Ireland. Digital images of all the surviving Down Survey maps at parish, barony and county level with written descriptions of each barony and parish that accompanied the original map. The Survey, taken in the years 1656-1658, sought to measure all the land to be forfeited by the Catholic Irish and transferred to the Protestants.
FamilySearch
Liverpool, Roman Catholic Parish Records, 1709-1968. Roman Catholic church records created by parishes in Liverpool. These records include baptisms, burials, confirmations, marriages, and communicants. Includes digital images of microfilmed records held by the Liverpool Record Office
The Genealogist
Catholic Registers. Search a selection Catholic Registers covering England and Wales.
Manchester and Lancashire FHS
Catholic Records Index. This index contains over 1 million names of children, parents, godparents, brides, grooms and deceased persons in the registers of over 45 Catholic churches in the Salford Catholic diocese.
Manchester and Lancashire FHS
Margaret Higgins Database. This free database contains over a quarter of a million references to Catholics throughout the UK from the 17th to the 20th century taken from a wide variety of sources including lists of recusants and other records.
Durham Records Online
Search transcripts from Roman Catholic registers covering County Durham and Northumberland.
SoG Data Online
Society of Genealogists Digital Collections. Index of Catholic Nuns, 1598-1914. Search a listing about 14,000 individuals from about 60 orders.
Scotland
Findmypast
Scotland Roman Catholic Parish Baptisms, Marriages and Burials and Congregational records, 1736-1942. The records encompasses over 300 years of sacramental/parish record keeping. With each result, you will find a transcript and an image of the original sacramental register which can reveal additional details and information. Records which are more than 75 years old are online.
Scotland’s People
Catholic Parish Registers. Explore images and indexes of Catholic Parish Registers including births and baptisms, marriages, deaths and burials as well as confirmations, communicants, sick calls, status animarum, converts, first confessions and seat rents.
CD Roms
S & N Genealogy Supplies
Resources include: Catholic Records: Miscellanea Volumes 1 – 4. Originally published as part of the Catholic Record Society’s ‘Records Series’; Catholic Records: Obituaries 1722-1839; Recusant Rolls 1592-93.
GenFair
Browse tens of thousands of family history products including Catholic parish register transcripts and Catholic Record Society publications from hundreds of suppliers. The largest range of products covering the British Isles. Titles include: A Complete Catholic Registry, Directory, and Almanack, Vol. 1, 1836; A Complete Catholic Directory, Almanack and Registry, Vol. 2, 1837.
